This week in class we will finish our discussion of what it means to be American and start to explore how identities have been socially constructed. There is a very human and very social process that is involved in the creation of categories of difference and the values that we place on those categories. We are all influenced by our surroundings and are socialized in many different ways. This week we are going to examine the effect of social construction through a unique lens: The Implicit Association Test (IAT). I would like you to take at least one IAT which will serve as a tool as to how we have or have not internalized socially constructed values about race, ethnicity, religion, etc. Ultimately we will connect this to our ongoing discussion of the American identity and what it might mean in an increasingly diverse nation.
The IAT tests have been designed by Project Implicit which, according to the project website, "represents a collaborative research effort between researchers at Harvard University, the University of Virginia, and University of Washington. While the particular purposes of each study vary considerably, most studies available at Project Implicit examine thoughts and feelings that exist either outside of conscious awareness or outside of conscious control. The primary goals of Project Implicit are to provide a safe, secure, and well-designed virtual environment to investigate psychological issues and, at the same time, provide visitors and participants with an experience that is both educational and engaging."
You can find the tests by clicking on "I Wish to Proceed" at the bottom of this screen after reading the disclaimer. On the next screen I would like you to select the Skin Tone IAT which should take no more than 15 minutes to complete. Afterward, if you would like, feel free to take other IAT tests including a Race (Black-white) IAT, Native (Native-White American) IAT, Asian (Asian-European American IAT), and Arab-Muslim (Arab Muslim - Other) IAT.
I would like you to comment on your experience taking the test and your results. I want to be clear: this is NOT a test suggesting that you are or are not racist. It is designed to indicate internalized preferences regarding issues that are both sensitive and influenced greatly by social, cultural, historical, and institutional influences. Please attempt to draw conclusions about the construction of an "American Identity" from your experience taking these tests. Also please work to build a conversation with your classmates online about your experiences, commenting on and replying to their posts as much as possible. I look forward to a thoughtful discussion about your experiences on Thursday.
I took the test and to my own surprise, I received "a moderate automatic preference to light skin over dark skin." I know when I was younger I wished I had lighter skin. In Asia, especially China and Vietnam, lighter skin is preference over dark skin I actually thought I grew out of that preference but it seems according to the test I still have it slightly. I did actually try to think a little bit about my answers when I was doing the test. I thought it was very interesting to see if lighter skin if preferences even among people who have darker skin. When associating light or dark skin with negative or positive traits, does it really affect whether or not they're american? Americans aren't just "all good" people, but the stereotypical American is light skinned despite Americans being a huge diversity.
ReplyDeleteI think it goes beyond what people view as "American" or not, because there have been dark skinned people in America since it's inception, but rather how darker skinned people have been portrayed in media and through treatment throughout history. I think about generational treatment, as well as growth--but how much of an impact of history plays on our present in our perception of people, and with that, the policies that are then deemed necessary.
DeleteI agree with Jack. I think it's very generational, cultural, and subconscious...all to a degree, though. I got a similar result when I took the test. I took a psychology course at my first college that was focused on race and ethnicity, and we had similar assignments in that class. It's eye-opening to get those results, but more beneficial to really delve in and consider what's at play and how we came about those results.
Delete-Paulina Michael
Tiana Petricevic
ReplyDeleteMy result was “a moderate automatic preference for light skinned people over dark skinned people.” This result shocked me a little bit because I don’t hold any conscious racism toward those with darker skin than me. In fact, most of my life I wanted my skin to be darker. When I think deeper into my life I can see why I might hold these inner notions. I grew up in a primarily white, rural (ish), conservative area. My school district, in particular, had very little diversity. Not that I think these things affect my everyday life, but maybe these factors determined this result. This test really shows how even subconsciously we view the world and politics through an imperfect lens. I think this connects to the idea of the “American identity” very much because it shows how things in our lives subconsciously impact us and our perception. If someone asked what the “American Identity” was, another could say that it is based on each person’s perception of America, how they grew up, their parents, their schools, their teachers etc. etc. Someone from the South side of Chicago would define “American Identity” much differently than someone from Beverly Hills.
My result was "no automatic preference between Dark Skinned People and Light Skinned People." I had taken this test before and received a result that suggested a moderate preference for Dark Skinned people over light skinned people, so I may just be taking this test too late at night too. Regardless, I we all have subconscious and conscious biases, so I am not sure one test can determine that, but it's an interesting practice to see how quickly we associate good/bad with skin color. I think media consumption has a large role to play in this(local news coverage) and sadly, partisan news and the consumption of pop culture. It's a good exercise and reminder of those biases that exist.
ReplyDeleteMy results for the test were a ‘slight preference for Light Skinned People over Dark Skinned People’. Unfortunately, the result makes sense to me because most people, I included, have an implicit bias and subconsciously participate in colorism. Even though I don’t hold that viewpoint, and I made a concerted effort during the test, there were enough errors that the results acknowledged my bias. I believe that my results skewed slightly rather than moderately because I have taken Project Implicit tests multiple times. This is always a good reminder that no matter what we think we know about ourselves, we must always be conscious. This test is an indicator for some of the factors that play into our “American identity”.
ReplyDeleteTaking the Race IAT was an exciting experience. In the beginning, I was a little bit confused. I didn’t know what to expect, and then, the test began. At first, you just had to identify the white and black faces, which was relatively simple. Then you had to recognize the good and bad words, and at this point, I’m wondering “What is the point of this?”. Then, that is where things got tricky. Now you had to good words with the white people and bad words with the black people. When this first occurred, I thought the game was racist and biased, but I was soon proven wrong. After that, you had to associate the good words with the black people and the bad words with the white people. After the test, they asked me a series of questions on my political views, what I thought about white people, what I thought about black people and personal demographics about myself. At the end of the test, they said that I favor black people more than white which is untrue. I support everyone no matter the color of their skin. I feel that after taking this test that our "American Identity" has been about dividing us into groups and putting value on which group you are apart of. Yes, you might be american, but are you a white american or a black american? Where does your race fit when it comes to value in America and how does that value translate into the opportunities that you are presented? These questions shape our identity and how we view other Americans. - Egerton Abulu
ReplyDeleteDuring the IAT test on Skin Tone, I was a little confused on what this test was actually trying to determine. My result was “automatic preference for light-skinned people over dark-skinned people.” I was completely shocked with this result because I do not agree with that data at all, I find myself to be neutral towards both skin colors. Although the purpose of this test was not to suggest that you are or not racist, I felt like it made me think that I am after reading my result when I know I am not. Taking the test, I found it to be racist and bias when it made me identify bad words with dark skin people and good words with light skin people. I think the series of questions that were asked after the game was an aid in placing you into your “American Identity.” This game was a real eye opener of how much bias does exist and that we need to be more cautious about it.
ReplyDelete-Claudia Macialek
My result was about what I expected, it showed that I was neutral towards skin tones. It could be accurate for those that grew up in areas with more race compared to a different area. The place I grew up in was predominately white, but that didn't affect my results at all. The one part of the test that was a bit confusing was when they changed their letters, and I had to focus a lot on that, and I feel it was more to confuse people than to guess a bias. I couldn't always remember the key so I felt it had some affect over if you saw a negative attribution and then a certain skin tone, and vice versa. I do think it is a good test overall for determining bias, and the results were interesting.
ReplyDelete-Riley Reed
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ReplyDeleteAfter taking the test I got - Your data suggest no automatic preference between Dark Skinned People and Light Skinned People. I thought the test was an interesting concept and would like to take more of them. I did struggle with the second part of the test once the options flipped since I had created a mental pattern for the E and I choices. For me I think the results are accurate, as I grew up in a town that was very mixed as it had that melting pot America feel. All through school I was exposed to people who have different skin tones than me, for example my high school was majority minority. I was surprised by the amount of lighter skinned automatic people after looking at the results at the end, as I expected it to be closer or more evenly divided.
ReplyDeleteJohn Milas
I was hoping I would get this result as well, but I was shocked when I didn’t. I had the same experience being with so many different people in high school, attending a public one in the city. That definitely has impacted the ways in which I think about others and has allowed me to surround myself with people who have different skin tones than me as well.
Delete-Alex Stamatis
My results for this IAT test was “moderate automatic preference for light skinned people over dark skinned people.” I have taken this test before and I forgot my previous results, but I remember feeling the same way after I finished it. I like this test in that it is a good way to get people to think about subconscious racial biases they may have, but I don’t think it is a very accurate way to measure people’s actual implicit associations. The matching part of the test has you do most of the rounds with dark skin on the left and light skin on the right, and only switches the sides for the last two or three rounds. It’s difficult to say that people might have a preference for one over the other when the test is just a bit confusing. But, again, I think that this is a great way to get people thinking about reasons they might have an implicit association with skin color. Whether it is one’s family, hometown, friends, or school, all of these factors have an impact on how we feel about race, subconsciously or consciously.
ReplyDelete-Sophie Ryall
I took the Skin Tone IAT test and received "a slight automatic preference to light skin over dark skin.” I had a sense of disappointment when I saw this result as it indicated that, although subconsciously, I participate in colorism. At the beginning of the test, I was slightly confused when the “bad words” were associated with a darker complexion and the “good words” were associated with the lighter complexion because I thought the test was biased. Once the words flipped, however, I realized that this setup was so that they could time the responses to determine if the individual has a preference to skin tone. After the switch of keys, I did get confused between the two because I had grown used to the certain pattern of tapping. I do not, however, think this would have affected the overall outcome as I still entered accurate answers but it took longer. I think that this was a fun test to take, however, I do not fully believe it to be an accurate representation as to how individuals feel about skin tones.
ReplyDeleteMorgan Triefenbach
This was my first ever IAT test, my score was “Moderate automatic preference to light skin compared to dark skin.” My second highest percentage was “Little to no automatic preference between skin tones.” This specific test measures the timely manner in which the participants respond to words and skin tones characterized by a single key. The test then decides which skin tone the participant subconsciously prefers based on how rapid the response. Although I think the test is a unique way in attempting to display racial biases, I don’t think it necessarily does just that (for me at least). There are multiple factors that could influence the time in which a participant responds, therefore I do not think the test accurately reports the biases, or lack-there-of. I believe my second answer more accurately expresses my preference. Regardless of how I feel about the test, it is an interesting technique and I commend the respected universities for attempting to bring racial biases to light. For me, I felt it was close, but wrong. For others, it could be a well needed reality check.
ReplyDelete-Angelo D'Agostini
Well. that was interesting. My results "suggested that I have a moderate automatic preference for Light Skinned People over Dark Skinned People". Do I agree with it? absolutely not, I believe the color of my skin is the lightest out of my immediate group of friends that I have known for over 10 years and skin tones has never actually been a factor on who I associate with. In fact, I grew up around people with slightly darker skin or equal than mine. Amongst members of my family my skin is the darkest by a slight margin. I also find it interesting because my girlfriend is half African American and has darker skin than I do. Regardless of what this test determines, and how I feel about it, no doubt that it is very interesting and would be curious to see how this country feels on a larger scale in respect to skin tones and how we have evolved as the most diverse country in the world, the social identity of this country should not be determined by the basis of our skin tones by any means.
ReplyDeleteMy result was "a slight preference for Light Skinned People over Dark Skinned People." I have never taken this test before so the result did surprise me. I did not think I had even a slight preference, having grown up in a very diverse area. While taking this test, it reminded me strongly of the doll experiment conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark. This test did show me I have some implicit bias towards skin types that I was not aware of. I think many Americans have an implicit bias towards groups that they do not identify as. The "American Identity" does not have a unifying quality since all Americans are so vastly different and this leads to people having more biases throughout the nation.-Hannah Rhodes
ReplyDeleteAfter taking this test I received a moderate automatic preference for white americans over native americans. I think this is largely due to the environment in which I was raised. I come from a very white state and live in a very white suburban area of the city where I went to school in. Not that I have any malice or dislike for people of other race or ethnicities I just think that I'm hard wired to be able to interact with those who are white more automatically because it's what I have been doing my whole life. I think this same sort of psychological effect largely affects the American identity. Though we are a country known for our diversity and acceptance of those of different colors, religions, and genders it is no secret that in the U.S. people tend to like to be around others who are like them. Chicago for instance is one of the most diverse cities in the nation, but one of my former professors called it the city of sociology because of how every single neighborhood is somewhat self-segregated based on familiarity with others who are similar to each other. This self-divided nation, full of representatives or politicians that only resonate with those who are similar to them could be quite damning to the unity of our nation. It used to be that the American Identity was purely that of successful white christian evangelical men. Today however there are so many different types of Americans present that there is an inability to create one uniform aggregate American dream.
ReplyDeleteThis was my first experience with a IAT test and i received the result no preference between light and dark skinned people. I believe that this was the case because I did not make a single error on the test. While this is the result one would hope to receive on a test like this, I still wonder if it is a proper gauge of my biases. I grew up in a conservative, mostly white area. As an adult, I am able to recognize that certain biases were coded into me in my upbringing. In an attempt to counteract that, I try very hard to get to know people of all backgrounds while treating them simply as people, ignoring the societal categorizations thrust upon them. This test gives me relative confidence that my efforts have been working. Even still, I worry that my results have been skewed by my ability to think quickly. I feel as though it would be best if I did more research and undergo a variety of tests regarding implicit bias to get a more solid grasp of my own bias.
ReplyDeleteJP Heili
“Your data suggest no automatic preference between Dark Skinned People and Light Skinned People.” I have taken a similar test for another class and it is an interesting test. I went to fairly diverse schools, kindergarten through high school. At these schools, I met a lot of different people from different cultures and backgrounds than my own. Race and its impact has always been difficult to talk about for Americans. This test gives people some insight into how we subconsciously think about skin tone. It is important to acknowledge that we all have subconscious biases. I’ve been told before by my own friends that I don’t look American and it has always puzzled me. To me, an American can be anyone, there is no one face. The “American Identity” should be about the values and ideals that all Americans treasure and not by one’s face.
ReplyDelete- Jeff Rios
Hey Jeff,
DeleteI agree wholeheartedly that our American Identity is derived not by the color of our skin, but rather by our hearts and minds and the ideals we value.
My result for the IAT test suggested that I have no automatic preference between dark skinned people and light skinned people. This was my first experience with this kind of exam. With race being such a controversial issue in America, I do not believe that this test is in any way shape or form an accurate representation of anyone's implicit racial bias. I personally hope that we can one day move beyond race in America and maybe one day just recognize our fellow citizens as humans. I think we just spend too much of our finite time highlighting what divides us rather than what unites us, and that we could get more work done if we moved past our artificial labels.
ReplyDelete-Rio Diaz
My result after taking the Implicit Bias test was "No automatic preference between dark skinned people and light skinned people." This result does not surprise me. Being apart of a group that can be and is prone to negative stereotypes, I try to make an increased effort to reduce my biases in order to have as neutral feelings of people before I actually interact with them. Personally, it is obvious when people hold stereotypes about me. It might not necessarily be in how they look at me (although it often is), it is also in what someone says, and how they say things. I am not saying that I am perfect and that I don't hold any biases, because we all do, but I am saying that if you TRULY don't hold or believe stereotypes about people, it is possible to work on reducing them.
ReplyDeleteMy result after taking the Implicit Bias test was "No automatic preference between dark skinned people and light skinned people." This result does not surprise me. Being apart of a group that can be and is prone to negative stereotypes, I try to make an increased effort to reduce my biases in order to have as neutral feelings of people before I actually interact with them. Personally, it is obvious when people hold stereotypes about me. It might not necessarily be in how they look at me (although it often is), it is also in what someone says, and how they say things. I am not saying that I am perfect and that I don't hold any biases, because we all do, but I am saying that if you TRULY don't hold or believe stereotypes about people, it is possible to work on reducing them.
ReplyDelete- Avarie Evans-Allen
1st attempt: slight automatic preference for Light Skinned People over Light Skinned People.
ReplyDelete2nd attempt: slight automatic preference for Dark Skinned People over Light Skinned People.
Both interesting results--It's a little surprising that my results flipped, but I'm sure it's part of a conscious effort of being careful on my second attempt. I grew up in a very diverse neighborhood and attended a very diverse school, but even then, the first result is not surprising considering the implicit biases lighter-skinned (especially white) individuals are conditioned to have from birth. Colorism is prevalent throughout the entirety of the U.S., and it's hard to ignore these biases when they're so heavily socialized through media, your environment, peers, etc. The IAT undoubtedly is an important tool in bringing these biases to our attention--and once we're aware of them, we can begin the process of unlearning.
my result after taking the test was a slight preference for Light Skinned People over Dark Skinned People. There is definitely a lot of colorism in the Hispanic community and i think that really played a large role in the results. I have taken an implicit bias test before and was conscientiously trying to not get any bias but it seems that the implicit biases all around me played a larger part than i thought they did. these biases are perpetuated throughout the media and it's something that we need to work on.
ReplyDeleteEmmanuel Valtierrez
My result was “moderate automatic preference for light skinned people over dark-skinned people.” This is the first time I have ever taken a quiz like this, and honestly, I felt a little uncomfortable while taking it. My result did in fact come as a shock and I just do not agree with it. But also, this one test isn’t the determining factor of whether we are racist or not. I think this is an interesting way to discuss “American Identity” in more of a subtle way. I have grown up in a predominantly white neighborhood all my life but have attended very diverse public schools. This quiz can give us a small glimpse into how we perceive certain people and what we think of them. I think the part that included the words “good” and “bad” alongside the different faces was also an interesting way to see how people respond instinctually to what they see. Different biases and perceptions people have of others ultimately impact the ways in which they choose to define their “American Identity,” meaning something different for everyone.
ReplyDelete-Alex Stamatis
According to my IAT results, I have a stronger preference for light skinned people over dark skinned people. I was actually surprised by these results because I am Hispanic so I was hoping I would get the opposite result. However, I feel like a Iot of it has to deal with the area I grew up in. I’m from the Northwest suburbs, so I didn’t grow up in a very diverse area. My high school had a higher population of white people than minorities. Only five percent of students were Hispanic at my school. Mostly all of my childhood and high school friends were white. This was my first time taking an IAT test, and I would argue that this test isn’t an accurate representation of one’s preference of skin tone.
ReplyDelete-Megan Mendoza
For my test results I got, "moderate automatic preference for Dark Skinned People over Light Skinned People." These results didnt seem out of the ordinary to me until i compared that to the rest of the people who take the qux and I saw that only 5% of the people who take this test get the same results as me. That is something that I found shocking after taking this test.
ReplyDeleteMy result was a "moderate automatic preference for light skinned people over dark skinned people". I was honestly shocked at my result for the test because I don't feel like I favor light skinned people over dark skinned people in my every day life and activities. I truly believe that in my daily life, I try to keep my preference as neutral as possible in order to treat my peers as equally as possible. I think that one reason why I got the result that I did was because I took the test during my free time at work and I wasn't as focused on how fast I could press the keys and answer the question, which is one of the determining factors of the result to the test. As for the "American identity", I don't think that there is one circumstance or a set of circumstances that allow you to identify as American. Anyone can identify as American as long as they believe in the common societal ideals.
ReplyDeleteI actually have some previous experience with the IAT test and took this test last year in psychology. My result last year said I had a slight preference for whites, much to my dismay. This result didn’t totally shock me given we live in a society that prefers whites but I personally don’t hold those feelings. This year when I took the test my result said no automatic preference. I think my change in result was due to my first test result and forcing myself for the next year to be more aware of my unconscious bias. I think this is an important test for people to take because it forces them to be more aware of things they didn’t recognize and hopefully use that information to work on it.
ReplyDeleteReed Vaughan
ReplyDeleteComing into the Implicit Association Test (IAT) I expected your typical jerk keyboard experiment reminiscent of my freshman year participating in psychology studies. Upon examination of the site I had noticed that many of the test topics revolve around several hot-button issues. I quickly completed four of the tests to include: body preference (thin v. thick), familial/career association (male v. female), Liberal arts and science gender preference, and of course the light v. dark skin preference test. During the test I found that I would often knee-jerk the same key twice which could have affected my score. Regardless, my results three out of four times were consistent with most people. This is likely due to the demographic of the people whom take these exams being similar. This reveals an unfortunate reality of societal norms today. I don’t think that all these associations are nessisarily bad, however these tests can reveal areas in which society must strive for ideological change.
My result indicated that I have no automatic preference in skin tone. I have taken IAT tests before in other classes, but they’ve related more to gender—I think I took the gender/career one but I’m not sure. I think these are really interesting tests and provide some insight into our unconscious beliefs/values. As a psychology major I participated in a similar study during my freshman year, but it involved being set up with an EEG machine in order to detect electrical activity in the brain. The actually survey part of the study was similar in that it involved faces and trying to answer as quickly as possible, but I think the goal was to sort out pictures of adults and babies. I wish I knew what the current status of that study was, because I thought it was so cool.
ReplyDeleteAmerican identity as a concept is something that presents itself in different ways. I think people can share their American identity with other kinds of identities, whether that relates to race, skin tone, religion, political ideology, etc. I think the Skin Tone IAT test in particular is an important test and I’d love to see some of the data they’ve collected on it so far. In some ways I was a little surprised that I had absolutely no automatic preference, simply because the grade schools and high school I attended were not very diverse, so I did grow up in kind of a bubble. The fact that I have taken IAT tests before could have possibly played a role in my result, although I think it’s more likely that my result was accurate.
I took the sexuality IAT and got the result of “Slight automatic preference for Gay people over straight.” I genuinely thought it was going to be in the middle because I grew up with a generation that care more about who you are as a person than your sexual orientation. More and more people in American society view sexuality as just part of you. To me people are just people and in my opinion, everyone needs respect. I found it surprising as well because no one in my family are openly part of the LGBTQ+ so I haven’t had much personal experience with the community. I come from a Mexican family but we aren’t conservative at all so I would have thought that my upbringing would have put me in the middle of the spectrum.
ReplyDelete-Karen Marin Manzo
Once I finished taking the test, my results were that I had “no automatic preference between Dark Skinned People and Light Skinned People.” This wasn’t that surprising seeing as I had taken it before for my criminology class and I got the same results. I think the reason that is, is because I lived my whole life on the South side of Chicago and my neighborhood was predominantly made out of minorities, therefore I grew up around different cultures and different skin tones than mine. Yet, I would be naive if I were to say that this test completely shows the bias one may or may not have though I do think that it sheds light to some of the bias that a person has. Even though I had taken this test before, I still found it a tad bit confusing and found myself hitting the wrong key at some points in the test.
ReplyDeleteAccording to the test results, I showed “no automatic preference between Dark Skinned People and Light Skinned People.” I feel as if this is accurate, but this test was designed to measure only one way in which skin tone preference can manifest.
ReplyDeleteI’d also like to add for anyone that got a result they were surprised or disappointed with that it’s normal for the human mind to make negative snap judgements due to societal perceptions. These societal perceptions influence everyone from a very young age and are very hard to shake. Everyone – and I mean everyone – has negative thoughts sometimes pop into their heads when looking at people that are different – even if those people have done nothing to deserve these thoughts. This isn’t always centered around race either, as other features such as weight, gender, or disability can also be the source of that immediate prejudice.
What matters more is what you choose to do with that thought. If you allow it to continually shape your actions in a harmful, discriminatory way, then it can easily become overt bigotry; however, if you recognize that these judgements are prejudiced and do what you can to remedy them then you’re on the right track. Just because I received this result on my test doesn’t mean that I don’t have my own racial prejudices that I must continue to address. Combating negative biases is a lifelong effort, and having negative biases is just as normal as having a brain.
- Nora Haskell
My results were “moderate automatic preference to light skin over dark skin people.” I was shocked because I am not light skinned myself. I guess you wouldn’t say my skin tone is dark either but its somewhere in the middle. A medium is usually my shade in face makeup. I didn’t think that I personally held any bias or preference for any skin tone but I guess this test determined that I subconsciously do. But now I am questioning, “does my result indicate that my construction of an ‘American identity’ is centered on colorism?" I personally don’t hold this belief at all but its interesting to connect a subconscious bias to the idea of an American identity.
ReplyDeletePosted for Syed (on time):
ReplyDeletemy result was "moderate automatic preference for light skinned people over dark skinned people" this result came to me as a shock because I am a dark skinned individual. I would assume for myself to be neutral or would have a moderate preference for dark skinned people over light skinned people. I believe this result came into play because I mistyped some of the results when I was actually taking the exam.
My result was "slight automatic preference for Light Skinned People over Dark Skinned People". Honestly I found this test to be a bit of headache... I don't think I do many things like this in my day to day life where I'm forced to think quickly and go with the first thing I thought of. In real life, I'm able to reflect a bit more on any decisions I might make. The results on my test didn't necessarily shock me but they also didn't come out as what I would have predicted. I don't think I have any inclination toward racism on the surface level or off the top of my head. This test did get me thinking though-- deep down is there something programmed into me, into the media, that associates one better than the other or the other better than that? It's weird to think that although your surface level values may be one thing, your natural instinct to judge may be something else... very interesting test.
ReplyDeletePs-- this was my post (Olivia Wydajewski). I'm not sure why it is coming up as unknown?
Delete